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Symphony in White, No. 2: The Little White Girl
''Symphony in White, No. 2'', also known as ''The Little White Girl'' is a painting by James Abbott McNeill Whistler. The work shows a woman in three-quarter figure standing by a fireplace with a mirror over it. She is holding a fan in her hand, and wearing a white dress. The model is Joanna Hiffernan, the artist's mistress. Though the painting was originally called ''The Little White Girl'', Whistler later started calling it ''Symphony in White, No. 2''. By referring to his work in such abstract terms, he intended to emphasize his "art for art's sake" philosophy. In this painting, Heffernan wears a ring on her ring finger, even though the two were not married. By this religious imagery, Whistler emphasizes the aesthetic philosophy behind his work.
Whistler created the painting in the winter of 1864, and it was displayed at the Royal Academy the next year. The original frame carried a poem written by Whistler's friend Algernon Charles Swinburnetitled ''Before the Mirror''written on sheets of golden paper. The poem was inspired by the painting, and to Whistler this demonstrated that the visual arts need not be subservient to literature. Though there are few clues to the meaning and symbolism of the painting, critics have found allusions to the work of Ingres, as well as oriental elements typical of the popular ''Japonisme''.
==Artist and model==
James Abbott McNeill Whistler was born in the United States in 1834, the son of George Washington Whistler, a railway engineer.〔Anderson & Koval (1994), pp. 3–6.〕 In 1843, his father relocated the family to Saint Petersburg, Russia, where James received training in painting.〔Weintraub (1974), pp. 6–9.〕 After a stay in England, he returned to America to attend the US Military Academy at West Point in 1851.〔Anderson & Koval (1994), pp. 26–31.〕 In 1855, he made his way back to Europe, determined to dedicate himself to painting. He settled in Paris at first, but in 1859 moved to London, where he would spend most of the remainder of his life.〔MacDonald (1999).〕 There he met Dante Gabriel Rossetti and other members of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, who would have a profound influence on Whistler.〔Spencer (2004)〕
It was also in London that Whistler met Joanna Hiffernan, the model who would become his lover. Their relationship has been referred to as a "marriage without benefit of clergy."〔Weintraub (1974), p. 71.〕 By 1861, Whistler had already used her as a model for other paintings. In ''Wapping'', painted between 1860 and 1864, Hiffernan (according to Whistler) portrayed a prostitute.〔Spencer (1998), p. 306.〕 The direct precursor of ''The Little White Girl'' was a painting created in the winter of 1861–62, initially called ''The White Girl'' and later renamed ''Symphony in White, No. 1''.〔Craven (2003), p. 342–3.〕 Hiffernan supposedly had a strong influence over Whistler; his brother-in-law Francis Seymour Haden refused a dinner invitation in the winter of 1863–64 due to her dominant presence in the household.〔Spencer (1998), p. 309.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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